Between 1789 and 1889, Congress maintained some judicial districts that did not have a U.S. circuit court and were therefore not assigned to a judicial circuit. In these instances, Congress vested the U.S. district court for the district with the same powers and jurisdiction as a U.S. circuit court, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the U.S. circuit court in another district of the same state or of the Supreme Court of the United States. (The District of Columbia does not fit this pattern. It had a circuit court from 1801 to 1863 but Congress did not declare it to be one of the judicial circuits until 1948.) Also, after 1891, Congress occasionally vested the U.S. courts of appeals with jurisdiction over territorial or special courts that were not included in a judicial circuit (although some were later included). These instances are noted on the pages for the individual circuits in question.